The regulation of body weight relies on homeostatic mechanisms to initiate and terminate food intake. However, there is growing evidence that higher-level cognitive function may also influence energy balance. For instance, research has shown that BMI is consistently linked to neuroanatomical, cognitive and personality measures implicating executive systems.
I will suggest that prefrontal systems involved in executive and inhibitory control act to limit food overconsumption when food is scarce or expensive, but promote over-eating when food is abundant, an optimum strategy from an economic standpoint. I will also present contradictory evidence showing that neurocognitive correlates in obesity may be a consequence not a cause.
Finally I will review evidence that chronic adiposity leads to cerebrovascular dysfunction, cortical atrophy, and cognitive impairment. I will conclude by reviewing evidence that treatment of obesity in adults may reverse these effects and prevent later development of dementia and cerebrovascular disease.

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